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The Truth About Ourselves
The human genome sequence has been completed
and shows some surprising findings. Despite having one-third less genes
than estimated, human beings are still very complex. With access to disease
genes, medicine and diagnostics will be revolutionised. However, this
will also raise ethical questions on cloning and genetic privacy.
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STATES
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Hope
In Hell
Four weeks after the earthquake, Gujarat is still
coming to terms with the devastation. True grit is emerging from the rubble
but it will be some time before lives are rebuilt. INDIA TODAY's teams
went out across these death zones, capturing stories which record this
renewal.
Simmer
Time
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BUSINESS
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Profitable Loss
36 With over 90,000 employees opting for the
VRS scheme, PSU banks are set to get over their problem of overstaffing.
But is it going to make banks more competitive in this age of automation?
Besides, it is also going to cost more than Rs 7,500 crore and will deprive
the banks of skilled workers.
Paper Money
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NEIGHBOURS
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Spreading Terror
The attacks on Delhi's Red Fort,
the Srinagar airport and the city's police control room show the Lashkar-e-Toiba
is increasingly catching the Indian security forces unawares-and emerging
as the most daring terrorist group from Pakistan.
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COVER
STORY: HUMAN
GENOME
Life
Will Never Be The Same
By
Supriya Bezbaruah
It's
done. What was in the realm of science fiction just a few years ago has
become a reality in our lifetime. In less than decade and a half, a galaxy
of scientific minds collaborated to reveal the blueprint of life that
humans had speculated about for close to 5,000 years of civilised existence.
The cost: just $3 billion or Rs 13,800 crore-more than twice India's annual
outlay on healthcare and education. Amidst much drama, atypical of science,
two superstars of molecular biology, who are also archrivals, published
last week in prestigious science journals the entire human genome, the
string of three billion chemical squiggles that define who we really are.
One is a brash young startup American company, Celera, led by Craig Venter,
who once even dropped out of school. The other a huge international collaboration
of distinguished scientists led by Francis Collins, director, National
Human Genome Research Institute at the National Institutes of Health,
also in the US.
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Genome
Project:
Key Findings
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There are approximately 30,000 genes in human beings, the same
range as in mice and twice that of roundworms. Understanding how
these genes express themselves will provide clues to how diseases
are caused.
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All human races are 99.99 per cent alike, so racial differences
are genetically insignificant. This could mean we all descended
from the same original mother who was from Africa.
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Most genetic mutations occur in the male of the species. So
men are the agents of change. They
are also more likely
to be responsible
for genetic diseases.
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Genomics has led to advances in genetic archaeology and has
improved our understanding of how we evolved as humans and diverged
from apes 25 million years ago.
It also tells how the body works, including the mystery behind how
the sense of taste works.
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Just six
months ago, in June 2000, the two groups had pulled off a possibly Nobel-winning
coup by jointly announcing the actual raw translation of the book of human
life, as it is now called, which had involved deciphering billions of
strands of DNA-deoxyribonucleic acid-the basic building blocks of all
life. Last week saw them revealing a comprehensive atlas of the human
being that provides the first step in answering the fundamental question:
how did man become man? Says Michael Dexter, director of the Wellcome
Trust in Britain: "The findings will guide researchers for centuries
even if every inch isn't explored or used tomorrow." Already
the atlas has revealed some startline facts. Being the most complex organism,
human were expected to have more than 1,00,000 genes or combinations of
DNA that provide commands for every characteristic of the body. Instead,
their studies show that we now have only 30,000 genes-around the same
as mice, three times as many as flies, and only five times more than bacteria.
"It's quite humbling," Mani Subramanian, senior scientist at
Celera who works directly with Venter, told INDIA TODAY. Not only are
the numbers similar, the genes themselves, barring a few, are alike in
mice and men. Fewer genes will make diseased ones quicker to find, paving
the way for a medical revolution. It also destroys the basis for a revolution
of another sort. Unity is in, racism is out-all human beings share an
incredible 99.99 per cent of all genetic material.
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METRO TODAY |
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Web
Exclusives |
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Re-emergence of rivers,
sweet water springs' there has been much geological speculation after the
earthquake in the Rann of Kutch. INDIA TODAY'S Special Correspondent
Uday Mahurkar weighs the possibilities and concludes it's early
days yet in
Despatches.
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INTERVIEWS
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"I was
very much against the idea of India," says William Dalrymple, author,
The City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi. In conversation with INDIA TODAY's
Sonia Faleiro, he talks about his old girlfriend, Delhi and his
"enormously exciting" next book, The White Moghuls in
Interviews.
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